In this study, a modified “probabilistic seismic hazard assessment” (PSHA) method is used to estimate the level of the potential seismic ground motion in FIROOZKOUH. A problem that may be encountered in probabilistic studies of seismic hazard for a specific site, for engineering purposes, is the selection of design earthquakes corresponding to a given hazard value. In order to derive a seismic scenario consistent with the results of PSHA for a site and determine the relative contribution of events to the overall seismic hazard, the concept of disaggregation was introduced. The disaggregation of seismic hazard is an effective way to identify the scenario events that contribute to a selected seismic-hazard level. In other words, the disaggregation process separates the contributions to the mean annual rate of exceedance (MRE) of a specific ground motion value at a site due to scenarios of given magnitude M, distance R, and the ground motion error term, e. Disaggregation results could change with the spectral ordinate and return period, thus more than one single event may dominate the hazard especially if multiple sources affect the hazard at the site. These results can provide useful information for better defining the design scenario and selecting corresponding time histories for seismic design. In most cases, as the probability decreases, the hazard sources closer to the site dominate. Larger, more distant earthquakes contribute more significantly to hazard for longer periods than shorter periods. In this study, the seismic hazard disaggregation process is performed to identify dominant scenarios in “peak ground acceleration” (PGA) and 5% damped 0.2 and 2.0 s spectral accelerations corresponding to mean return periods (MRPs) of 50 yr, and 475 yr (hazard levels of 63% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 yr, respectively) in FIROOZKOUH CITY. In this regard, potential seismic sources and their seismiCITY parameters have been estimated based on the concept of spatial distribution function in 34o–37oN latitudes and 52o–55o E longitudes in grid intervals of 0.1º. For each point using proper attenuation relationships, PGA, 0.2 and 2.0 s spectral acceleration values with 63% and 10% probabilities of exceedance in 50 yr have been calculated using the EZ-FRISK (version 7.43) code. The hazard can be simultaneously disaggregated in different types of bin. The result of seismic hazard disaggregation are presented in terms of 1-D M, R and ε bins and 2-D M-R bins. Bins of width 0.4 in magnitude, 10 km in distance, and 0.2 in e are selected. The disaggregation results in terms of probability density function (PDF) are reported, which is obtained by dividing the probability mass function (PMF) contribution of each bin by the bin’s size, thus the PDF representation is independent of the bin’s amplitude. The results identify the distribution of the earthquake scenarios that contribute to exceedance of PGA and 5% damped 0.2 and 2. s spectral accelerations for 50 yr and 475 yr MRPs, in terms of magnitude and distance (M-R). Dominant scenarios are identified for interest hazard levels in FIROOZKOUH CITY.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran CITY. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

A B S T R A C T Green CITY is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green CITY is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green CITY. In this study, 14 indicators of electriCITY consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad CITY areas in terms of green CITY indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green CITY characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green CITY Extended Abstract Introduction Green CITY is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green CITY” is an environmentally friendly CITY compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green CITY,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green CITY index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the CITY has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green CITY, is determined. Analysis of the green CITY index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green CITY features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green CITY. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green CITY, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green CITY.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green CITY features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

As the most complex manufactured structures, cities face excessive population growth. Their expansion has intensified on high-risk sites, and the available evidence also indicates the continuous increase of all types of natural crises in terms of intensity and frequency. Scientific and experimental findings show that the best way to deal with danger is to promote the resilience of settlements in different dimensions (social, economic-livelihood, physical-spatial and institutional); in other words, resilience in both human and environmental dimensions comprehensively. It decreases and increases. This research has evaluated and analyzed the components of resilience in Sari. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in nature. The statistical population in this research includes citizens living in the four districts of Sari, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people, who were selected from among the statistical population by stratified sampling. The questionnaire is the method of collecting library and field information and its most important tool. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) were used by SPSS and Smart PLS software, and entropy and SAW models were exerted. The research results indicate that the situation of the four regions of Sari regarding social components has better conditions than other dimensions of resilience. In terms of institutional components, they have a vulnerable state. According to the entropy model, among the components of resilience, the institutional dimension has the most weight, and the economic dimension has the least weight. Moreover, according to the SAV model, Region 1 ranks first, and Region 3 of Sari ranks last in having the components of resilience dimensions.

Paying attention to the quality of training and its productivity is essential and evaluating it correctly will prepare useful information on how to plan and implement training programs properly. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of on-job trainings courses in Islamic Azad University, FIROOZKOUH Branch during 2007-2008. This research is a descriptive and causal-comparative study. The data were collected through all documents and books available in different libraries, Internet searching as well as a questionnaire. The population contains all trained and untrained employees out of them 88 people are selected by Simple Random Sampling as the sample under examination. Then, the effectiveness of training programs and its criteria were studied. After verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire devised by the researcher, a statistical sample was used and the results obtained was analyzed via the software SPSS. The findings of the research show t that training programs must be based on scientific studies and organizational needs to cover the costs and resources applied as well as to promote and progress the employees and organization.

Recently, the nano-materials have been used to improve soil properties. When the modified soil is used as the moisture and contaminant barriers in solid waste land-fill liners, soil should minimize the flow of moisture and contaminants and should have acceptable geotechnical characteristics. In this study the effect of nano-clay material on the improvement of the characteristics of the Nazloo clayey soil of Urmia CITY, and FIROOZKOUH sand mixed with nano-clay, as the alternative soil in the absence of clayey soil, was investigated. For Nazloo clay, nano-clay caused the soil optimum water content and plastiCITY index to increase and the maximum dry density to decrease. For FIROOZKOUH sand, nano-clay did not have significant effect on the soil optimum water content but slightly increased the maximum dry density. The results of the hydraulic conductivity tests on Nazloo clay and FIROOZKOUH sand showed that the addition of nano-clay decreases the soils hydraulic conductivity. In Nazloo clay the hydraulic conductivity decreased to the standard level as for the landfill liner material but in FIROOZKOUH sand it did not decrease to the standard level. The results of the diffusion tests on Nazloo clay showed that nano-clay does not have significant effect on the soil chloride diffusion coefficient and this coefficient remains at its standard level. The results of this study showed that the addition of nan-clay has positive effect on the improvement of the soil geotechnical characteristics so that it could be used in the landfill liner construction; however, it does improve the FIROOZKOUH sand properties so that it can be used as alternative landfill liner material in the absence of clayey soil.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the CITY in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the CITY can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the CITY in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the CITY in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the CITY space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the CITY, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the CITY has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the CITY spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the CITY, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the CITY as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the CITY can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the CITY against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "CITY space" metaphor in the right to the CITY. It is a fundamental change in the CITY to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the CITY. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the CITY in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the CITY's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the CITY. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas CITY is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the CITY approach. These areas of the CITY are spaces where the residents' right to the CITY has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the CITY space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the CITY's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the CITY's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the CITY. The CITY's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the CITY approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the CITY, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the CITY to play a role in meeting the needs of all CITY groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the CITY space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the CITY. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the CITY is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the CITY, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different CITY. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the CITY's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the CITY, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C TToday, all officials involved with the challenges of CITY sustainability have accepted the idea of a smarter CITY, using more technologies, creating better living conditions and protecting the environment for a better quality of life. The central part of the metropolis of Tabriz is based on Region 8 and part of Region 10, a historical-cultural area with an area of 286 hectares and a population of about 40 thousand people in 8 neighbourhoods. This research was compiled to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central part of Tabriz CITY with the approach of smart growth and in line with the sustainable development of problematic neighbourhoods in the 8th district of Tabriz metropolis. The present review is methodologically practical, to describe and analyze the goals of regeneration based on library studies. The statistical population of the research includes experts and people living in the central context. In the first part, the Delphi method was used by asking experts. In the second part, the structural equation method of SPSS and AMOS software is used. According to the results of using the scales of design, pedestrian-oriented, intergenerational justice in the actual situation and 3 indicators of management and productivity, stable and value-creating jobs are in the potential situation. Also, two environmental indicators with the most direct and indirect effects and a cultural index have been decisive in the regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz CITY. Therefore, in the regeneration of the central part, the studied indicators should be used simultaneously and integrated into the reconstruction projects of the central fabric of the CITY to lead to smart sustainabilityExtended AbstractIntroductionSmart growth is considered a lever for revitalizing neighborhoods and urban centers. In a general scenario of smart growth, knowing the time and resources of investment provides a new and sustainable life in the CITY center and worn-out and old textures. Moreover, finally, it will improve the quality of urban neighborhoods, especially worn-out ones, and revive them. Tabriz metropolis, one of the most important and largest cities in the country, with a long history of settlement, especially the central and old texture, due to developments in information and communication technology, extensive environmental, social, and economic changes in terms of time requirements, the traditional texture of roads, Deterioration of residential units, lack of equipment, infrastructure and urban services and environmental problems have caused the failure and physically turned into inefficient and problematic textures. Urban planning and development science must adopt a new decision and approach to face the existing and complex issues of worn-out texture. The main problem of the research is to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central texture and strengthen them in line with the sustainable development of the problematic neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis according to the solutions and principles of smart urban growth. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the following question:- What are the effective indicators and components in the regeneration of the central texture of Tabriz metropolis with a smart growth approach? MethodologyThis research is applied and fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The collection methods are based on documentary and library studies, surveys, and interviews. In the first part, qualitative data was prepared with an open questionnaire and through interviews, as well as the review of documents and quantitative data used in this research numerically and through the weighting of Delphi questionnaires based on the consensus index model to determine importance, certainty, and priority. The panel members were 19 people (including 5 university faculty members, 7 field research experts, 4 executive experts, and 3 graduate students) selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. In the second part, Cronbach's alpha method was exerted to measure the reliability of the questions, which was obtained as 0.89. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the Lawshe method was exploited. The statistical population of the second part includes District 8 of Tabriz, which is the central texture of the CITY and is equal to 34,231 people. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 379 people. Results and discussionIn the next step, path analysis was performed using AMOS 23 software to compare the integrated model with the hypotheses. The results of the path analysis, while verifying the structures, show that the value of the index of the critical ratio to the degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) is equal to 4.01, which is an optimal value for the model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.952, which indicates the acceptability of this amount for the optimal fit of the model. The value of the root means the square error of estimation (RMSEA) is 0.065, which is acceptable because it is smaller than 0.08 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.917, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.92, and the normalized parsimonious fit index (PNFI) is 0.882, which all indicate that the fit and verification of the research model are desirable.Therefore, none of the objects are removed and remain in the model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the factor structure of regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach has reliability and construct validity. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 95% probability level. According to the results, the environmental dimension with a factor loading of 0.94 has the most significant effect on urban regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central texture of Tabriz CITY. After that, quality of life with a factor loading of 0.92, social dimension with a factor loading of 0.88, economic dimension with a factor loading of 0.83, physical dimension with a factor loading of 0.81, transportation dimension with a factor loading of 0.74 and cultural dimension in order with a factor loading of 0.72, are in the following ranks.According to the final structural model results, the environmental index has the highest value, with a direct effect of 0.594 and an indirect effect of 0.275. Moreover, after that, respectively, the quality of life index with a direct effect of 0.513 and an indirect effect of 0.236, a social index with a direct effect of 0.476 and an indirect effect of 0.217, an economic index with a direct effect of 0.451 and an indirect effect of 0.222, Physical with the direct effect of 0.435 and indirect effect of 0.205, mobility index with the direct effect of 0.373 and indirect effect of 0.182 and cultural index with the effect of direct values of 0.295 and indirect effect of 0.153 are influential in regeneration with smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz CITY. ConclusionIn this research, seven main indicators related to the subject were investigated. The results showed that the environmental index with the most significant direct and indirect effect is the focus of the evaluation. After that, dimensions and indicators of quality of life, social index, economic index, physical index, mobility index, and cultural index have been influential. According to the results, the urban environment index was analyzed as the most important factor at a high level, and this means that for urban regeneration with a smart growth approach, improving the environmental and physical conditions in the worn-out and central texture of Tabriz CITY in the current situation is a priority. It is first. This is the most well-known part of regeneration with a smart growth approach. The analysis results show that this is not the case only in the case of transportation infrastructure. However, more comprehensive urban infrastructure such as the urban landscape, open spaces, green and parks, etc. are also crucial in improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. Also, this study's results show that the economic sector's importance is as important as improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. In addition, in the worn-out texture of District 8 of Tabriz CITY, the sociocultural sector is essential, and the revival of historical and cultural resources is considered one of the urban regeneration options. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.  Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne CITY in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.